| His Eminence John Joseph Krol |
|
|---|---|
| Archbishop of Philadelphia | |
| See | Philadelphia |
| Enthroned | March 22, 1961 |
| Reign ended | February 11, 1988 |
| Predecessor | John Francis O'Hara |
| Successor | Anthony Bevilacqua |
| Other posts | Auxiliary Bishop of Cleveland (1953-61) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | February 20, 1937 |
| Consecration | July 11, 1953 |
| Created Cardinal | June 26, 1967 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | October 26, 1910 Cleveland, Ohio |
| Died | March 3, 1996 (aged 85) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Styles of John Krol |
|
|---|---|
| Reference style | His Eminence |
| Spoken style | Your Eminence |
| Informal style | Cardinal |
| See | Philadelphia |
John Joseph Krol (October 26, 1910 – March 3, 1996) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Philadelphia from 1961 to 1988, having previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Cleveland (1953–61).[1] He was created a cardinal in 1967.[2]
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Krol was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the fourth of eight children of John and Anna (née Pietruszka) Krol.[3] His parents were Polish immigrants who were originally from the Tatra Mountains.[4] Krol's father held various occupations, working as a machinist, barber, carpenter, plumber and electrician; his mother worked as a maid at a hotel in Cleveland.[5] At age 2, he and his family returned to Poland, but returned to Cleveland within a year.[6] Krol received his early education at the parochial school of St. Hyacinth Church.[7] At age 9, he went to work part-time as a butcher's helper.[5] He later worked as a maker of wooden boxes.[5]
Krol attended Cathedral Latin High School, graduating at age 16 in 1927.[5] He then took a job as a butcher at a Kroger grocery store in Cleveland, where he became manager of the meat department at age 18.[3] Religious questions from a Lutheran co-worker prompted Krol to more deeply study Catholic theology and eventually decide to enter the priesthood.[6] He began his studies at St. Mary's College in Orchard Lake, Michigan.[8] He later enrolled at St. Mary's Seminary in his native Cleveland.[7] At St. Mary's, he also operated a small tobacco business, receiving shipments of defective cigars and then selling them to his fellow seminarians.[6]
On February 20, 1937, Krol was ordained a priest by Bishop Joseph Schrembs at the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist.[1] His first assignment was as a curate at Immaculate Heart of Mary Church in Cleveland, where he remained for one year.[7] In 1938, he was sent to continue his studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he earned a Licentiate of Canon Law in 1940.[7] He received a Doctor of Canon Law degree from the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., in 1942.[7]
Following his return to Cleveland, Krol served as professor of canon law at St. Mary's Seminary from 1942 to 1943.[2] He served as vice-chancellor (1943–51) and chancellor (1951–54) of the Diocese of Cleveland.[2] He was named a papal chamberlain in 1945, and was raised to the rank of domestic prelate in 1951.[7] In 1950, he became president of the Canon Law Society of America.[7]
On July 11, 1953, Krol was appointed auxiliary bishop of Cleveland and titular bishop of Cardi by Pope Pius XII.[1] He received his episcopal consecration on the following September 2 from Archbishop Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, with Archbishop Edward Francis Hoban and Bishop Floyd Lawrence Begin serving as co-consecrators, at the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist.[1] In addition to his episcopal duties, he was named vicar general of the Diocese of Cleveland in 1954.[2]
Following the death of Cardinal John Francis O'Hara, Krol was appointed the sixth Archbishop of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by Pope John XXIII on February 11, 1961.[1] His installation took place at the Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul on March 22 of that year.[9] He was the first Polish American to become an archbishop, and at age 50, was the youngest Catholic archbishop in the country at the time.[5] In his first sermon as archbishop, Krol spoke of the need for civic dedication and virtue, saying, "I am conscious, too, of our beloved country, the bold idealism that inspired it, the courage that gave it birth. May God grant that our prayers, the moral integrity of our lives, the clarity of our teaching, and the sincerity of our patriotism help increase the spiritual resources without which no nation can survive."[9]
Krol attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council between 1962 and 1965.[2] During the Council, he served as one of six permanent undersecretaries, with responsibility for keeping a record of votes and distributing, collecting and tabulating ballots.[3] He also served as a member of the central coordinating committee.[3] Like Pope Paul VI, he was more liberal in areas of social principles but sternly conservative in those of doctrine and Church government. He condemned arms races and abortion, but supported clerical celibacy and disarmament.[10][11]
He was created Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria della Mercede e Sant'Adriano a Villa Albani by Paul VI on June 26, 1967, during the same consistory that elevated Archbishop Karol Wojtyła of Kraków, Poland. Both were cardinal electors in the conclaves of August and October 1978. Wojtyła became Pope John Paul II in the latter conclave, and Krol served as one of his closest advisors.
During the 1960s and 1970s, Krol governed the Archdiocese of Philadelphia through an era where the population shifted to the suburbs. Krol campaigned for the canonization of Katharine Drexel, and was present at the canonization of his Czech-born predecessor in Philadelphia, Bishop John Neumann. He made a celebrated pilgrimage to Poland in 1972,[12] and served as President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops from 1971 to 1974.
Krol was hospitalized in 1987 for treatment of diverticulosis.[13] Due to his ill health, he resigned as Archbishop of Philadelphia on February 11, 1988, exactly 27 years after he was appointed to the post. He was succeeded by Anthony Bevilacqua.
Krol died at age 85 in Philadelphia, where he is buried in the crypt beneath the Cathedral-Basilica of Sts. Peter and Paul.
Cardinal Krol was criticized for his role in the archidocese's sex abuse scandal some 10 years after his death. The Grand Jury stated that Krol knew that priests under his command were systematically molesting and raping young boys and girls but did nothing to prevent future crimes.
E. Michael Jones published a biography of Krol in 1995 titled John Cardinal Krol and the Cultural Revolution. The book covers Krol's early life and his time as President of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops during the turbulent times of the 1970s. In order to give Jones sources for the book, Krol allowed Jones access to the Archdiocese of Philadelphia archives.[14]
Krol was widely considered to be a staunch conservative, even a "traditionalist."[15][16] As described by The New York Times, he was "an outspoken defender of traditional theology, hierarchical authority and strict church discipline."[3] The Philadelphia Inquirer recalled how Krol was "[ha]iled by conservatives as a defender of the church's heritage and criticized by liberals as an opponent of change."[5] However, despite his conservative views on doctrine and church government, he was more liberal on social principles, such as nuclear disarmament and humanitarian programs.[17][18]
In 1973, he called the Supreme Court's decisions overturning state laws banning abortion "an unspeakable tragedy for this nation" that "sets in motion developments which are terrifying to contemplate."
He opposed looser regulations governing marriages between Catholics and non-Catholics, the reception of Communion in the hand and attending Mass on Saturday evening instead of Sunday.
He referred to the Church's condemnation of contraception, reaffirmed by Pope Paul VI in 1968, as "divine law."
In 1979, his Congressional testimony backing talks on limiting strategic arms foreshadowed an appeal in a pastoral letter by American bishops for nuclear disarmament in 1983. At the high tide of the nuclear freeze movement in 1982, Cardinal Krol told 15,000 demonstrators at a Philadelphia rally that it was time for governments "to dismantle existing nuclear weapons." He later acknowledged that his belief in gradual and reciprocal disarmament, with strong safeguards against cheating, was probably not shared by all the demonstrators.
After the close of the Second Vatican Council in 1965, he soon joined those alarmed by the pressures for change that the Council produced. He opposed many of the small accommodations or options in church discipline that gained favor after Vatican II, including looser regulations governing marriages between Catholics and non-Catholics, the reception of Communion in the hand, and attending Mass on Saturday evening instead of Sunday.
In 1984, Cardinal Krol appeared with President Ronald Reagan at a campaign rally at a Catholic shrine in Pennsylvania, praising Mr. Reagan for trying to win tax credits for parents of children in religious schools. In the same year, the Cardinal delivered an invocation at the Republican National Convention in Dallas.
| Episcopal lineage | |
| Consecrated by: | Amleto Giovanni Cicognani |
| Consecrator of | |
|---|---|
| Bishop | Date of consecration |
| Joseph Thomas Daley | January 7, 1964 |
| John Joseph Graham | January 7, 1964 |
| Alfred Michael Watson | June 29, 1965 |
| Giovanni Enrico Boccella | April 17, 1968 |
| Martin Nicholas Lohmuller | April 2, 1970 |
| Thomas Jerome Welsh | April 2, 1970 |
| James Steven Rausch | April 26, 1973 |
| Michael Bosco Duraisamy | June 10, 1974 |
| Edward Thomas Hughes | July 21, 1976 |
| Louis Anthony DeSimone | August 12, 1981 |
| Francis Bible Schulte | August 12, 1981 |
| John Patrick Foley | May 8, 1984 |
| Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by John Francis O'Hara, C.S.C. |
Archbishop of Philadelphia 1961–1988 |
Succeeded by Anthony Bevilacqua |
| Preceded by John Dearden |
President of the United States Catholic Conference and National Conference of Catholic Bishops 1971–1974 |
Succeeded by Joseph Bernardin |